Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
One of the leading causes of vision loss among older adults worldwide. It affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision used for reading, recognising faces, driving, and performing many everyday tasks.
Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects the macula, the central area of the retina responsible for detailed vision, including reading, recognising faces and driving.
AMD develops as changes associated with ageing affect the cells and structures of the retina, leading to blurred or distorted central vision. Peripheral (side) vision is usually preserved, meaning AMD does not typically cause complete blindness, although it can significantly affect independence and everyday activities.
There are two main forms of AMD:
- Dry AMD: The most common form, characterised by the gradual accumulation of deposits called drusen beneath the retina and progressive damage to retinal cells. In some people, it advances to Geographic Atrophy (GA), where areas of retinal cells are progressively lost.
- Wet AMD: A less common but often more rapidly progressing form, caused by abnormal blood vessels growing beneath the retina. These vessels can leak blood and fluid, damaging the macula and causing rapid vision loss without treatment.
Advances in retinal research have improved the diagnosis and management of AMD. Effective treatments are available for Wet AMD, while newer therapies for Geographic Atrophy offer opportunities to slow disease progression.
Retina International works with patient organisations, clinicians, researchers, policymakers and industry partners worldwide to raise awareness, promote equitable access to diagnosis and treatment, and ensure the experiences of people living with macular disease help shape research and healthcare decisions.
80–90%
Dry AMD accounts for approximately 80–90% of all AMD cases.
Over 50
AMD most commonly affects people over the age of 50, with risk increasing as people get older.
2 main forms
AMD occurs in Dry and Wet forms, with Wet AMD causing faster and often more severe vision loss.
How AMD can affect vision
Blurred central vision
Reading and recognising faces may become increasingly difficult.
Distorted vision (metamorphopsia)
Straight lines may appear bent or wavy.
Difficulty seeing fine detail
Tasks requiring precision, such as sewing or reading small print, may become challenging.
Reduced contrast sensitivity
Objects may appear less distinct from their background.
Dark or blank areas in central vision
Advanced AMD may cause blind spots within the central visual field.
Difficulty adapting to changes in light
People may require more time to adjust between bright and dim environments.
Symptoms of Wet AMD often develop suddenly and require urgent assessment by an eye care professional.
Identifying AMD
Comprehensive eye examination
An ophthalmologist or optometrist examines the retina for signs of AMD.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
OCT provides detailed cross-sectional images of the retina, allowing clinicians to identify fluid, retinal swelling, or areas of degeneration.
Fundus photography
Retinal photographs document changes over time.
Fundus autofluorescence (FAF)
FAF imaging helps identify retinal pigment epithelium damage, particularly in Geographic Atrophy.
Fluorescein angiography
This imaging test may be used to identify abnormal blood vessels associated with Wet AMD.
Amsler Grid
An Amsler Grid can help detect distortion or changes in central vision and is commonly used for home monitoring.
Supporting independence
Dry AMD
There is currently no cure for Dry AMD.
Management focuses on:
- Regular monitoring
- Healthy lifestyle choices
- Smoking cessation
- Nutritional support where appropriate
- Low vision rehabilitation
Some people may benefit from nutritional supplements based on clinical guidelines.
Geographic Atrophy
Recently approved therapies can help slow the progression of Geographic Atrophy in some individuals.
Researchers continue to investigate additional treatments that may preserve retinal cells.
Wet AMD
Wet AMD is commonly treated using anti-VEGF medicines, delivered through injections into the eye.
These medicines reduce abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage, helping preserve vision and, in some cases, improve visual outcomes.
Early diagnosis and ongoing treatment are essential for achieving the best possible results.
Vision rehabilitation
Low vision services and assistive technologies can help people maintain independence and continue everyday activities.
Supporting independence, and participation
Living with AMD often involves adapting to gradual changes in central vision.
Many people continue to lead active and independent lives with appropriate treatment, support, and rehabilitation.
Support strategies may include:
- Low vision services
- Magnifiers and assistive technology
- Accessible digital devices
- Orientation and mobility support
- Emotional wellbeing services
- Peer support groups
Regular eye examinations and adherence to treatment plans are important for maintaining vision and quality of life.
Patient organisations also provide valuable education, practical advice, and opportunities to connect with others affected by AMD.
Advancing the future of AMD treatment
Gene therapy
Researchers are investigating gene-based treatments that may provide longer-term therapeutic benefits.
Natural history studies and registries
Natural history studies and registries collect long-term data to better understand how disease progresses and to guide future treatment development.
Clinical trials
Clinical trials continue to evaluate new medicines, technologies, and treatment approaches aimed at preserving vision.
Information and community support
Take the Next Step
Age-Related Macular Degeneration affects millions of people worldwide, but advances in research, earlier diagnosis, and improved treatments are changing the outlook for many individuals.
By working together across the global retinal community, Retina International is helping accelerate innovation, strengthen patient advocacy, and improve outcomes for people living with AMD.
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